Electrical Theory

13 Lessons

Understand voltage, current, resistance, and the laws that govern every electrical system.

Overview

Electricity is invisible, but its effects are not. This module covers Ohm's Law, series and parallel circuits, magnetism, inductance, capacitance, semiconductors, and how these principles apply to every system in the modern vehicle. You will learn to think in terms of circuits — and that changes how you diagnose everything.

Key Components

  • Voltage, current, and resistance
  • Ohm's Law and Watt's Law
  • Series and parallel circuits
  • Magnetism and inductance
  • Semiconductors and diodes

How It Works

Electricity flows through conductors from high potential (battery positive) to low potential (ground). The amount of current flowing depends on voltage and resistance (Ohm's Law: V = I × R). Every electrical problem in a vehicle comes down to unwanted resistance, open circuits, or short circuits.

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Common Problems

  • Voltage drops from corroded connections
  • Parasitic draws killing batteries
  • Ground failures causing multiple symptoms
  • Electromagnetic interference in sensor circuits

Diagnostic Tips

  • Voltage drop testing is more valuable than resistance testing
  • Always test circuits under load
  • A 0.5V drop on a ground circuit is a problem
  • Check battery and charging system before diagnosing anything electrical

Related Systems

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